Essay on Augustine's City of God Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Augustine's City of God - Essay Example Augustine also says that on the sacking of the city, it was not uncommon for all invaders including Romans and Greeks to do the same this included the likes of Ulysses, Phoenix and Diomede. For this reason, the sacking of Rome was not something that could be blamed on Christians but was instead a common activity that was part of war (I, 2). The Visigoths and other European barbarian tribes had grown in strength over the years and they raided Rome in 410 under King Alaric. Feelings of resentment had also developed among the poorer population of Rome due to high inflation rates and lack of political representation since the position of councilor was hereditary. These factors had therefore weakened the empire of Rome internally and when the time came that the Visigoths invaded it was not the strong empire it had been in previous years. Prior to the invasion, Christians were already being viewed with suspicion and had been barred from working in high ranking offices, the view that they w ere to blame for the fall of Rome therefore came as a natural expectation as a scapegoat was necessary. Lucretia was a woman who was believed to have been raped and out of guilt she committed suicide. Augustine uses the rape of Lucretia as an example to cite to teach Christianity about Chastity. Augustine says that and anyone who is forced to have sexual relations and does not consent to them has not committed a sin. A woman should however not commit suicide for such an act being committed on them, as it will bar them from entering the kingdom of God. The story of Lucretia has never been confirmed as an event that actually happened but remains a significant story that relates to the establishment of the Roman Empire. Lucretia’s suicide is what led people to revolt and remove the old establishment and thus symbolized what the Roman Empire stood for; respect for all irrespective of gender or social class. The story did however also show that the Roman Empire was established as a patriarchy as the men rebel in vengeance of a woman who overwhelmed by shame could not muster the courage to continue living her life and relied on the strength of men to avenge for her. The relationship of Augustine and Christians to the ‘city of man’ Augustine in the city of God believes that in actuality there are two cities; there is Rome the city that has been developed by men as an economic bloc and there is the religious Rome that is a city built by God and whose foundation is Christian religion. Augustine therefore shows that there is always going to be a conflict between the way men want to live their lives and the way they should live their lives according to the Lords commandments. Augustine wrote the book after the sacking of Rome by the Visigoths and therefore uses the book to explain that under the laws of God no one dies at a time not planned by him. In addition, that they could not live their lives in fear of death more so if they did live according to the laws of God and not just the laws of man (II, 15). As men, one should not be afraid to show that they are living under the laws of the city of God even if living in a nation that does not recognizes these laws. Therefore, it is better to be courageous and ready to sacrifice oneself for your convictions for God will restore you in heaven than to live constantly afraid of persecution. On the view of the life or Rome,

The scholarly articles issues that are related to Chinas social Essay

The scholarly articles issues that are related to Chinas social security - Essay Example The scholarly articles issues that are related to China’s social security The article focuses on the need for reforming the social security sector in China. Scholarly articles are addressed to policy makers as evidenced by the three articles of which two were published in the International Journal of Social Welfare and the other article was published in the China Economic Review. Keywords: order, equations, systematic, articles 1. Introduction The scholarly articles chosen for this analysis address issues that are related to China’s social security. The three articles are consistent with the general trend exhibited in the discipline and will thus form the backbone of this analysis to cut across the discipline. Yang, Williamson, and Shen author the first article in the year 2009, and it was published in the International Journal of Social Welfare. The article addresses the issue of social security in China, specifically relating to the rural aged. The article has been written in efforts of attempting to alleviate the social security coverage in the country. Leung authored the second article selected in 2003, and it was published in the International Journal of Social Welfare. The article focuses on the need for reforming the social security sector in China. Feldstein is the author of the third article, published in the China Economic Review in 1999. The article’s focus is centered on the necessary reforms in the social security system of China. ... termined from an in-depth analysis conform to the general systematic set up of presenting findings that border on the social-economic aspect of daily life. The analysis is written in conformity with the writing style applied in the third article that was selected. The sections are a representative of the general format that is used in writing academic articles in the discipline. 2. Analysis of the articles The authors of the three articles are a true representative of the academic elite in the discipline with Leung working at the Department of Social Work and Social administration at the University of Hong Kong. Shen and Williamson are faculty members at the Boston College while Yang is a faculty member at the Beihang University. Feldstein is an associate at the Harvard University in the department of economics while at the same time he serves at the National Bureau of Economic Research. The five authors have a mastery aura of the field and this can be attested to by their systematic analysis of social economic issues that are linked to the provision of social security in China. The purposes of the different authors in the three articles are intertwined and are concentrated about providing a solution in the social security policy of China. The three articles identify the need of enacting a strong social security policy that would work towards ensuring that the elderly people of China reap the maximum benefit. The simplification of the social security system in the country alongside the increased coverage will be fruitful in reducing the country’s dependency level as well as improving the living standards of its elderly citizens. The rhetorical strategies advanced by the three articles are almost similar in the composition and advancement of the topics. The authors

Garment dipping

Garment dipping Garment dipping What is a wrinkle free shirt? A wrinkle free shirt is a garment that has been treated in such a way that it preserves its shape, smooth appearance and creases after laundering. If the garment is tumble dried, little Ironing or No ironing is required. Wrinkle free materials can withstand even the roughest of treatment. Even though Wool is much stronger than cotton, this method is mostly done with cotton fabrics. Cellulosic fiber containing fabrics are made resistant to creases by the use of a durable wrinkle- free process which is composed of the treatment of a cellulosic fiber with formaldehyde, a resin with a catalyst, a softener, polywax emulsion and an Optical Brightening agent. The process is carried out in conditions at which the formaldehyde reacts with the cellulose in the presence of a catalyst and a softener to improve the wrinkle resistance of the fabric and better tear strength after laundering with less treatment. The most common agents that crosslinks among themselves and results in the wrinkle free finishes are often the derivative of Urea. Figure 1.0 show the crosslinking between DMDHEU (dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea) and DMEU (dimethylol ethylene urea) Figure 1.0 Nowadays most of the wrinkle free shirts are being composed of cotton and synthetic fibers even if the label states 100% cotton. Due to the loose regulations, a list additional materials is necessary in the fabric if the secondary fibers exceed a certain percentage of the entire garment which affects its quality and may result in shirts that dont last as long as they should. Some wrinkle free shirts are not meant to be pressed at a professional dry cleaner because the more the temperature is , the more exposed the shirts are to the discoloration of the resins used during manufacturing. What are the components that the resin is made up of? 1) Catalyst A catalyst is asubstance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction; hence a catalyst can be recovered chemically unchanged at the end of thereaction .The rate and speed of the reaction is positively affected by the presence of a catalyst. It speeds up the reaction and allows a better flow For chemicals to react with the cellulosic fibers, the ingredients involved in the reaction should have a rearrangement of chemical bonds. Energy is needed to form the transition state and it is called the energy of activation. Reactants with lower energy cannot react with high energy ones and this is where the catalyst is used so that it provides a different route for the reaction. The catalyst allows a greater proportion of reactant species so that they gain enough energy to pass through the transition state and complete the reaction. This will result into the perfect distribution of chemicals throughout the shirts. 2) Softeners There are normally 2 types of softener that are being used and it depends on the structure, colour and resistance of the fabric being used. i) An elastomer softener is used and it is an innovative finishing agent, mainly composed of multifunctional polyurethane. It enhances wrinkle recovery and prevents wrinkle of fabric. The softener also gives perfect elasticity to the fabrics and it does not cause yellowing on white fabrics. It is a clear viscous liquid with a pH of 6.5 , a nonionic substance and it is very soluble in water. Normally 1-4 % of the weight of the fabric is added with a pickup of 80% maximum. Curing should be performed at 180deg maximum. ii) A Silicone softener is also used and it a highly concentrated softener normally found in gel form. Silicone normally delivers excellence in softness and smoothness of garments. It gives the garments a durable soft handle and very smooth feel. It also increases crease recovery, shape depth and brilliancy when applied on dyed fabrics. It is a transparent liquid and is a blend of amino silicones and urethane. It is a non-ionic substance with a pH of 7 and is soluble in water. A pickup of 70-80% should be used and maximum temperature should be around 130 degrees. 3) Optical Brightening Agent Fibers contain natural or contaminant coloring matters are generally subjected to decolorisation by the different bleaching methods therefore chemical treatments need to be done so that every substance are neutralized and an optical brightening agent is used. In order to use an optical brightener for textile application, it should have a good solubility, good fastness properties, build up properties, exhaustion properties, effect of water hardness, good leveling and penetrating properties, should not absorb light , compatible with the other chemicals in the concentration and should be stable and fast to the oxidative and reductive bleaching agents. Types ofWrinkle Free Process of Cotton Shirts: This concept of non-iron shirts existed since the very roots of cotton shirt making decades ago. Polyester and other fibers were firstly tried but the result was just a failure and it is then that the consumers got to know about the positive properties of the cotton fiber. The ability of cotton fibers to hold moisture and release it controlled makes cotton one of the best fibers among all. It has got a good breathability and gives a feeling of comfort to the user. Since some 15 years back, new methods have been established to use chemicals with the cotton fiber in order to make them almost wrinkle free and there are mainly 4 types of methods that are used: †¢ Pre- Curing †¢ Post- Curing †¢ Dip- Spin †¢ Vapor – Phase Pre- Cured fabric: The fabric used can be a 100% cotton fabric or a cotton blend and as compared to the other processes, this method does not require any further heat treatment as curing has already been done prior to the manufacture of the shirt. The already finished fabric is resistant to wrinkles already. Post- Cured fabric: In this system also, 100% cotton fabric or cotton blends can be used and the fabric will be delivered with the curing chemicals found inside. After the shirt had been manufactured, it has to be ironed entirely and hanged inside an oven indicating a temperature of 130 °C to 150 °C. Dip- Spin system: This method is the most commonly used process to manufacture wrinkle free shirts and can be used both for 100% cotton and cotton blends. After the full assembling of the shirt, it will be dipped into a mixture of chemicals which will be absorbed by the cotton fibers. The shirt being moisturized is kept in a closed bucket and will be pressed entirely. After pressing, the shirts will be placed onto a hanger and will be sent to cure in an oven of about 140 °C for 5 minutes maximum. This one belongs to the most popular process for wrinkle free shirts and can be used for 100 % cotton fabrics or cotton blends. After the shirt is manufactured as usually, it will be dipped into a mixture of chemicals, which will be absorbed by the cotton fibres. After the treatment in a tumbler the shirt is still moisturized and has to be pressed entirely.After pressing the shirt will be put on a hanger and can be cured in a curing oven by about 140 °C for about 3 -5 min. After the curing process is over, all wrinkles will tay for life. A re-touching by an iron is impossible. This is the process that I will be emphasizing more in the following pages. Vapor – Phase: This method cannot be practiced in many countries as very aggressive chemicals are being used. It follows the same system as the Dip Spin and is manufactured in the same way. After the last pressing, a special curing over is used instead of liquid chemicals, gas chemicals are used to make the shirt wrinkle free. The gas circulating throughout the oven and gradually penetrates the cotton fiber. The gas has to be extracted later on and the products need to be washed in order to remove the excess chemicals left inside. Garment dipping in Mauritius I have explained above about the different components and processes towards the production of a Non-Iron shirt on foreign lands. Coming now to Mauritius where this process was implemented only by Laguna Clothing in the year 2012. It was introduced on a pilot project and several testing were conducted before taking any command from their abroad clients. Gradually the different machines like the sprayer, dryer, bulk press and the oven were installed. After 1 year they started to get demands to produce Non iron shirts and at first they produced around 500 shirts per day but with the increase in commands, they had to boost the production and nowadays they produce around 1000-1200 shirts per day according to the client specifications. Batches of 80-90 shirts are sent for processing at one go and it take approximately 1 hour to complete 4 steps that is after the removal from the oven and an additional 4 hours to complete the finishing of the product. More details will be provided in the sections to follow. The department consists of 5 huge machines, the sprayer, 3 dryers and 1 oven. Bulk press machine .. GAIN MAXIMUM INFORMATION ABOUT THIS WITH CEDRIC How is the whole process carried out? First and foremost size segregation is a compulsory step that needs to be done in order to develop a rapid flow of work. Each size has got a specific mould. The first step that is done is the size segregration which enables a rapid flow of work during the whole process The second step is the preparation of the chemicals that would be injected into the shirts. The clothes are inserted into a chemical injecting machine and the process lasts only for some minutes and after that the shirts are sent into a pre drying machine where they are dried at 50 % and kept humid. The shirts are then sent for bulk pressing under huge pressing machines. There are 5 different machines and each part of a given shirt has got its own specified machine. The collar, back , front , sleeves and cuffs are pressed and all these processes has to be completed into a given time period. The shirts are then sent into an oven in order to cure them. Wooden hangers are normally used at the temperature is usually high. The shirts are then sent into the cooling room where water are sprayed on them to cool them down and bring pores back to original form. Shirts are tested and sent for rinsing 20 times and curing is done. Tensile and tear strength tests are also carried out to determine whether the cloth can be dipped A grab test is used for woven and non woven

Essay examples --

II. DIELECTRIC LOADED EXPONENTIALLY TAPERED SLOT ANTENNA DESIGN The ETS antenna is also known as flared notch antenna, is among one of the most promising antenna satisfying all requirements described in the technical challenges [11]. It is fundamentally a planar traveling wave antenna with end fire radiation. This antenna is the preferred candidate for Mm Wave applications due to its wide bandwidth, low cross polarization and highly directive patterns. A major advantage of this antenna type is that the wide bandwidth and maximum gain can be achieved using exponentially tapered profiles with dielectric loading [12]. The proposed dielectric scheme provides an interesting alternative. This antenna is integrated by using a single substrate. It is easy to fabricate and the structure is compact [13]. To eliminate the higher order modes in the waveguide, the thickness of the substrate is restricted. The loaded dielectric slab in front of the antenna can be considered as a dielectric guiding structure excited by the exponential flare resulting in a wider beamwidth and maximum gain. The compa...

BP Crisis Communication

A crisis was exactly what British Petroleum (referred to as ‘BP throughout the paper) went through in 2010. It was particularly important to communicate the right way taking all considerations into account. We were wondering how the specific crisis went so wrong and if the use of specific communication strategy was beneficial or not. Hence, the communication strategies used to overcome the crisis can be used by many other companies in the future as guidelines of how to do and, maybe more important, how not to.Also, the intervention from the American government, the pressure from the local community and how the media was used, is extremely important in the BP case. This paper intends to show how BP communicated and reacted throughout the crisis. It will discuss the challenges BP had and it will especially focus on how BP actually reacted to the crisis and how they perhaps should have reacted differently, including the use of communication theories. Finally, the paper will outlin e the consequences of the crisis on both organization and communication strategy.On April 20, 2010, the Departed Horizon oil-drilling rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in the deaths of 11 rig workers, but public attention quickly shifted from their deaths to the following environmental and economic damages – the incident was described as the worst maritime oil spill accident in history, as the accident released over 18 million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Three months passed before BP substantially stopped the leak, all the while the crisis was evilly covered by all news media in the United States as well as internationally.As a result of this, the BP oil spill case serves an excellent example of analysis of BSP crisis communication. L The total cost of BP to indemnify the clean up of the environment and funds to affected workers has reached almost two billion dollars. 2 2 www. Guardian. Co. UK/business/2012/July/31 /BP-departed-horizon-costs Page 4 of 28 Incorporated in 1909 in England , BP has become one of the world's largest multinational companies operating in more than 80 countries 4, leading in oil and as industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution, extracting and producing renewable energy.The company provides their customers with energy for heating and lighting, fuel for transportation and energy for retail services and petrochemical products. BP employs approximately 80,000 employees, and sales and other operating revenues add up to $375,517 million in 20116 . Finally BP is also a conglomerate owning several brands such as: ORAL, ARC, Castro, amp and The Wild Bean Cafe ©. Having settled â€Å"BP and the Departed Horizon Crisis† as the case, which this paper ill centre around, the problem statement is as follows: To which extent has BP successfully communicated during the Departed Horizon Crisis?In order to examine the problem statement the paper will attempt to address the followi ng issues: I) Characterize how BP communicated during the crisis. It) Analyses the effects of BSP communicative strategies. Iii) Discuss and evaluate whether or not BP has been successful in dealing with the crisis seen from a communicative perspective. In this paper a broad spectrum of empirical data has been used. However, most of the empirical data has been found through articles in different newspapers – the use f different newspapers and their viewpoints has given us very diversified inputs throughout the paper.But this does not exclude a use of quantitative data which, amongst other things, have been used to illuminate the several attempts of BP to use CARS-strategies, and underline the immense loss of fiscal funds the crisis has caused. The rather specific choices of qualitative data have been used to shed light on the different views of the crisis – and the several statements pointing toward similar conclusions have helped to support the points made and clarify a rather eventful crisis.In addition, the conclusions deducted throughout the paper have been supported by theories worked with in classes and the additional http://www. BP. Com/liveliness/BP_internet/global/Stating/global_assets/ downloads/F/ OFF_2007_2011 _full_book. PDF 4 http://www. BP. Com/liveliness/BP_internet/global/Stating/global_assets/ downloads/l/BP_20-F_2009. PDF 5 http://www. BP. Com/Congregationalists. Do? Category=3&contentld=2006926 6 http://www. BP. Com/Congregationalists. Do? Category=3&contentld=2006926 page 5 of 28 theories which proved to be necessary or helpful.In the beginning of the work with he case study of BSP crisis response, a pretty sufficient understanding of the crisis as a whole was in place, we assumed, but as the paper progressed and different theories were applied our understanding of BP and the relationship to their stakeholders grew. The quantitative data used also comes from BSP own publications as well as articles from different internationa l online newspapers. Of course, the reader must have in mind that BSP own figures, occasionally, might have been used to strengthen their image and not only inform the reader.When examining and analyzing the Deep Water Horizon oil spill crisis, this paper is et out to delimit the case by answering our initial problem statement. To narrow our focus down to the relevant aspects in the case we have decided to delimit our analysis to the main stakeholders, including: (I) the American government; (it) the local society; and (iii) the media. This has been done not only due to the formal constraints of the paper, but also in order to go into depth with these stakeholders, who we reckon to be, of major importance to this crisis within the given delimitation's of this paper.In order to answer this paper we find it necessary to make a common definition of a crisis. Extensive studies have been carried out on crisis communications over the past two decades. A brief review of literature on this subject reveals that there are several definitions of organizational crisis, depending on theorists' different viewpoints on what constitutes a crisis. Herman claimed that to reach the level of a crisis, the event must contain three negative attributes: surprise, threat, and short response time.Surprise means that the organization did not prepare for the magnitude of the crisis. Threat means that the event poses a threat to the organization's financial security, customers, surrounding environment etc. Short response time refers to the urgent need of preventive action in order to stop an intensification of the crisis. 7 For the purpose of this paper the following deduction of a definition off crisis is found useful: Hermann, C. F. , 1963. Some consequences of crisis which limit the viability of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 8, p. 61-82. Page 6 of 28 W.Timothy Combs utilizes the interconnectivity of these three attributes to make his definition of a crisis: â€Å"A crisis can be defined as an event that is an unpredictable, major threat that can have a negative effect on the organization, industry, or takeovers if handled improperly. â€Å"8 Furthermore, according to the very same book, organizations frequently find themselves in situations that can be identified as crisis. There are no exceptions; â€Å"We must accept that no organization is immune from a crisis anywhere in the world even if that organization is vigilant and actively seeks to prevent crises. † (Combs & Holiday, 2010: p. 7). This reality urges the need for preparation and readiness to respond – what is called crisis management. The major difference between handling an issue and an actual crisis is that an issue turns into crisis when it goes from the company domain into the public domain; a situation, which sometimes is inevitable no matter how competent the management is. 9 10 The term ‘a crisis within a crisis', or a so-called ‘double-crisis', as coined by Danish professors Finn Freedmen and Winning Johannes, refers to a situation where a company experiences a communication crisis that overshadows the initial crisis. 1 A crisis within a crisis naturally has negative implications for a company since it emphasizes weaknesses in the company's internal structure and/or interactions with stakeholders. The term is relevant to apply to this particular case because its give an accurate description of the consequences of BSP communicative strategy. The agenda setting theory distinguishes between two levels of agenda setting in the media. The first level deals with the significance of an organization where an organization receives more media attention then other related organizations.The second level relates to associations or topics that the public associates with a particular organization. 12 One of the important aspects when dealing with the media is the agenda, which stakeholders often associate to organizations. The agenda settin g theory is related to this assumption and therefore is significant to apply when analyzing BSP media relations. Combs, T. W. & Holiday, S. J. 2010. The Handbook of Crisis Communications. Wiley- Blackwell, p. 18. Benches, Claus. Guest Lecturer, Global Media Relations Manager at Damon.Gave a lecture on crisis communication on Tuesday the 20th of November. 10 Benches, Claus. Guest Lecturer, Global Media Relations Manager at Damon. Gave a lecture on crisis communication on Tuesday the 20th of November. From his PDF on Crisis Communication. 11 http://pure. AU. Dc/portal-cab-student/files/10106/ Crisis_communication_-_Not_Just_peanuts. PDF 12 Cornelius, Jeep. 2011. Corporate Communication – A Guide to Theory and Practice. Page 146. 9 page 7 of 28 An important element for an organization, according to protect its own reputation, is the communication with stakeholders.As a company might have many different stakeholders it is important to have a tool to categories them. Once the stak eholders are categorized the organization will be able to decide, how and how much it should communicate with this stakeholder. In general when describing stakeholders this paper is using Edward Freeman's definition of a stakeholder: A stakeholder is any group or individual who can affect or is affected but the achievement of the organization's purpose and objectives†. 3 In order to categories stakeholders this assignment will use the ‘Stakeholder salience model'. The superiority of this model is that while being extremely simple to use it is also extremely precise when in its finding of how much effort the organization should use when communicating with each category of stakeholder, and even more important; how the company should communicate with its various stakeholders.The model is based on â€Å"salience†, defined as the visibility of the stakeholder to the organization using three parameters; (a) the power of the stakeholder group, (b) the legitimacy of the c laim laid upon the organization, and (c) the urgency of how important the claim is according to the need of an immediate action. The purpose of the model is to define how salient a stakeholder group is. The model is based on seven different types of stakeholder groups; (1) Dormant stakeholders are the ones with dominant power and the ability to affect other groups of stakeholders.They are not able to legitimate their claims, and power will only be dormant but have an influence anyway. Mostly, this would be wealthy stakeholders. (2) Discretionary stakeholders are stakeholders with a high degree of legitimacy but without the necessary power to influence the organization. (3) Demand stakeholders are the ones with urgent claims but without power and the necessary legitimacy to enforce them. (4) Dominant stakeholders are the group of stakeholders representing both legitimacy and power.These are stakeholders having great influence on the organization, e. G. Owners and big investors. (5) D angerous stakeholders are people with both urgent and claims on power. In addition, these will often attempt to use unfair† means. (6) Dependent stakeholders are those who rely on others to get their claims carried out – mostly because of the lack of power. Finally, (7) Definitive stakeholders can be identified as the ones having both legitimacy and urgency as well as power. These are the most powerful stakeholders and it is strictly Cornelius, Jeep. 011. Corporate Communication – A Guide to Theory and Practice. Page 42. Page 8 of 28 necessary for the organization to keep close communication with these. Normally, it would be definitive stakeholders who can also be classified as the shareholders. Once the stakeholders are categorized, the firm can now decide on strategy of communication. When researching strategies of communication, this paper has used the basic framework of communicative strategy given to us in â€Å"Corporate Communication – A Guide to T heory and Practice†14 .The framework generally provides three different strategies. This framework is chosen because of its simplicity when it comes to numbers of strategies and complexity when it comes to ways of communicating within each strategy, hence the framework provide an extremely useful tool when analyzing and discussing what mind of communication BP has conducted, how it worked, why the strategy did not work and why it might have worked better: Informal strategy is a strategy of simple informing about something through; newsletters, press releases etc.This strategy is hence based on the idea that objective information about the organization should be passed on to the relevant stakeholders. Persuasive strategy uses tools such as advertising and meetings/discussions with stakeholders. The general aim of this strategy is to change the stakeholders' image into a more favorable one or to create particular understanding with the organization's decisions. The strategy will not create change in the organization, but rather aims to create change in the stakeholders' perception of the organization and its decisions.Dialogue strategy aims to create a mutual understanding and/or mutual decisions between stakeholders and the organization. Timothy Combs divides a crisis into four different types with two different aspects. The four types are; faux pas, terrorism, accidents and transgressions. In addition, a crisis in this matrix can be of either internal or external, and intentional or unintentional characteristics. 1 5

Differences between Iroquois and Pueblo Indians Essay

Mercantilism: Economic practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. British and other imperial power’s policy to regulate the economy of their colonies. The policy prohibited the colonies to trade with other nations, monopolizing markets and banning the export of gold and silver. Mercantilism demanded that a nation must export more than it imports. Mercantilism was a cause of many wars and also the expansion of colonization. William Penn: English real state entrepreneur, philosopher and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania. Penn was born on October 14th, 1644 and died in July 30th 1718. As a Quaker, he was a supporter of religious freedom and democracy. As a result of his different religious views in England, he was expelled from the church. In 1677, he became one of the founding fathers of the city of Philadelphia helping in its planning and development. Quakers (Society of Friends): the Quakers lived in the mid 17th century in England. Many who did not want to follow the Christian Church because they had different spiritual and religious beliefs formed the group. They believed in their â€Å"inner light†, which they believed to come directly from God. In order to follow their beliefs comfortably Quakers immigrated to America in the 1680’s. There they established in Rhode Island and Pennsylvania which tolerated Quakers. Metacom: also called Metacomet, King Philip, or Philip of Pokanoket, was an intertribal leader of the Wampanoag and Narraganset. He was born in 1639 and died on the 12th august, 1676. He assumed the position of leader of the clan after his father Massasoit died and his older brother the following year. He became the leader of the Wampanoag in King Philip’s War against English colonists in New England. Glorious Revolution: also called the Revolution of 1688, resulted in the overthrow of James II and the assent of his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband, William III of Orange. After the accession of James II in 1685, his acceptance to Roman Catholicism alienated the majority of the population. This led William III to successfully invade England with a Dutch fleet and army, which led him to the English throne. The revolution lastingly ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England. History of American People to 1877 Mr. Huggard Iroquois and Pueblo Indian Similarities and Differences in the Colonization Era The Pueblo Indians were the descendants of ancient villagers who had been settled in present day Arizona. After developing their settlements for over three thousand years a decline of these communities occurred probably because of drought. The survivors moved to the south and east and in these areas they progressed as they developed their communities and perfected their techniques of desert farming, irrigation systems to provide water for corn, beans, and cotton. They received the name of Pueblo Indians by the Spanish because when they arrived, these groups of Native Americans lived in small villages, or pueblos. The Pueblo Indians of the southwest were the first to be confronted by Europeans and their long lasting invasion. However, around 1680, the Pueblo Indians revolted against the Spanish and they expelled them for about 12 years. Five main peoples, the Choctaw, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga formed the Iroquois. These five groups consolidated the Great League of Peace, which was created to bring stability to the area. The Iroquois were constantly moving geographically, they were known as being strong in battle and that is why they were one of the few Native Indians who survived the colonial invasion. Beginning in 1609, the Iroquois’ were forced to engage in war against the French, their Huron allies and other tribes. These wars were mainly the consequence of the battle of controlling the fur trade and land. Pueblo Indian peoples were farmers in tradition, but as each of the Pueblo villages were in different demographic areas, the crops that were harvested  were different. These crops were mostly corn, beans, and squash and these were stored for two or three years depending on the seasons. The Pueblo people hunted deer and antelope in the mountains and in other villages that were closer to the plains they hunted bison. In all Pueblo Indian societies, rabbit was an abundant source of proteins. The Iroquois on the other hand, had some similarities and differences from the Pueblo Indians in the farming and hunting practices. Iroquois people were farmers, fishers, hunters but their main source of food was through farming. Just like the Pueblo Indians, the Iroquois’ most cultivated crops were corn, beans and squash and they were also stored for later consumption. Concerning hunting, the differences are more notable. The Iroquois hunted mostly deer but they also sought beavers and mus krats in the winter. As they were located close to the river, they also had improved their ability to catch various types of fish. The Pueblo Indian society was matrilineal in most cases, but differed in some, where in a few villages patrilineal clans existed, and males owned houses and land. Women did most of the farming, while men were in charge of the hunting. However, as hunting importance was reduced men also started to have a role in agriculture. Iroquois and Pueblo Indians’ role of women in their society, was similar in which they were both matrilineal, that they had the task to cultivate the land, and raise the children. However, in Iroquois society, women had more power, where they could choose to divorce their husband and order him to live the home with his belongings. Women also had the right to keep the children if a couple separated. The Iroquois established the Great Law of Deganawida, which gave equality to both sexes. In their society the women were the ones who elected the chief of their village and were also the ones who could remove him from his position. The Iroquois had their main prophet, Deganawida, who they thought brought peace to the people. Their beliefs about creation were that in a supernatural way, spirits were integrated into the natural world. Their myth said that a girl in the spirit world who became pregnant without having intercourse had a vision that she had to uproot a tree so she would be able to see the underworld. As she does that, she falls to the natural world. As a result of their belief that the spiritual world was up in the heavens, the  Iroquois first let their dead to be eaten by birds but after they begin to cremate the corpses so that their souls would go up to the pure, spirit world. In the other hand, according to the Pueblo Indians creation myth, they were guided by their God and climbed up through a hole in the earth into the sunlight. These people suffered many tragedies and misfortunes until God guided them to fertile land where they could finally settle down. Pueblo people made ceremonies that took place in underground chamber, where they would practice rituals to cure diseases or to ask their God for good weather. They were also devoted to nature; they had rituals where they request nature for fertility and successful hunts and seasons. Just like the Iroquois they both had the myth that God had sent his twin sons to the natural world to create a balance with dualism. The Iroquois people were one of the latest natives to have had encounters with the Europeans. This gave them way to develop more stable communities successfully. Since the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, the Iroquois had developed a trading system which helped them acquire goods which were totally new to them. For example: knives and other hunting objects which made them more efficient. They had advanced armory and tools compared to other tribes but when it came to fighting with the Europeans, their chances were slim. The French had cutting-edge weaponry like armor made of metal, firearms, while the Iroquois had wooden armor and fought with bows and arrow, and other more traditional weapons. Even though they were known to have been strong in battle, when they had to confront the Europeans and their other Indian tribes, there was another aspect which made their battle even harder, diseases. Europeans had already been fighting against diseases such as smallpox, influenza and others, for which they had developed an immunity to them and also had ways to cure them. When they finally had contact with each other, these diseases started to spread with the killing bacteria. On the other hand, the Iroquois, who had no knowledge of these diseases nor an immune system that could fight them, encountered themselves with an epidemic die-off of their people. The confrontations with the Europeans changed their ways of life because they had to find other ways to have stable communities. The Pueblo Indians, who had been in contact with the Spanish for a much longer period of time, were part of a society in which the Europeans had strong influence. The Spanish had subjugated the natives and forced them to adopt Christianity as their religion. The power of the Spanish was very recognizable when they started to imprison and torture Pueblo Indians if they did not follow their rules. Nevertheless, the Spanish introduced farming and hunting techniques which helped the Indian communities grow and develop more rapidly. For three generations, native were oppressed until a leader named Pope organized a revolt against the Spanish. This rebellion was called the Pueblo Revolt. When it happened thousands of Indians joined forces and battled and forced the Spanish out of their territory, which they accomplished. After the expulsion of the Europeans, they restored their religious institutions, beliefs and more importantly established independence of their villages and pueblos. While Iroquois and Pueblo Indian natives had many different views politically, religiously, socially and economically, they were both societies in which nature was devoted and revered. They lived of the land and this connected them to the Earth and its seasons greatly. They were spiritual people who believed that spirits had an important part in their lives and that they lived among them and saw their actions. As a consequence of these views, they intuitively knew how to differentiate the good from the bad, since they were being watched. They had no desire of economic power and their societies were mostly based on peace and equality, which differentiates significantly from the Europeans who were greedy and immoral. When they encountered with the Europeans their ways of life were altered forever and introduced a new era in which Christianity had a big influence and with it other more capitalistic aspects.

The Aspects of Immigration into Australia

The Aspects of Immigration into Australia Immigrants are individuals that have come into a country to be residents of the country. There are various reasons that can make an individual leave his or her country and seek residence in another country. Whereas some individuals may migrate to another country due to the unfavorable social, political, and economic conditions in their countries, others may opt to migrate from their country just to join the other members of the family who had moved earlier to these countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aspects of Immigration into Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The latter category does signify the kind of tie that the immigrants have with their homeland. This often poses economic and political challenges to the receiving nation. It also has social influence on the host country as it defines the identity and nationalism of the immigrants.  There are millions of immigrants all over the world. The high level of economy in the developed nations often attracts immigrants from the developing countries. Australia is one such country that has attracted many immigrants from the developing nations. The country had earlier received European settlers in the eighteenth century who helped improve the country’s economy. The immigrants from other countries started flowing into the country in the early twentieth century. The kind of immigration that was witnessed in Australia up to the early 1970s is different from the immigration that has been witnessed in the last thirty years. The factors that led to immigration in the earlier times are quite different from what leads to the present immigration. Besides, the increased terrorist attacks especially in the Middle East countries have led to the development of immigration policies that are strict. The migration of individuals from one country has different issues that concern both the country of origin and the recipient nations. The c ountries of origin of the immigrants and the host country often have social, cultural, economic, and political differences that will influence their reception and accommodation of the immigrants. The immigrants are often from different ethnic communities, language groups, and races. Thus, their formation of a single community in the host country brings forth issues like racism and ethnicity among the society. There are differences in the culture of the communities including their religious beliefs and practices. The different economic, social, or demographic factors will also affect the resettlements of the immigrants in the host countries. The immigrants with low-income will be forced to reside in the regions that have low costs of living. Such regions, however, have other adverse conditions that may pose problems to the general well being of the immigrants.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The influx of immigrants to a given country also has certain significant impacts on the host country. The immigrants may dominate the region with their new culture and erode the culture of the natives of the country. Their accommodation can also have negative economic impacts on the country. Besides, the immigrants to a given country may turn out to be agents of some terrorist attack on the nation. As a result, the different nations have developed policies that define the immigration measures. The political history of a given country, the economic status of the country, and the social factors like religion in the country often form the basis for the development of such policies. It is required that immigrants follow the stipulated steps when getting into a given country. A number of literatures are available that examine the different aspects of immigration into Australia. These researches mainly focus on the aspects of nationalism and national identity among the different individuals. They focus on aspects like interaction between culture, the political systems, and the governmental regulations on immigrants and immigration. There are materials that examine the trends in immigration that have been recorded in the country in the recent years. The countries of origin that send the majority of the migrants to Australia are also examined. A key issue that emerges is that the immigration of individuals into a country brings the country into a global scene. In the book The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins, Jupp (2001) illustrates on the composition of the Australian population. The natives of Australia, the earlier immigrants into the region, and the pattern of immigration and settlement that has been recorded in Australia are provided in the text. One of the issues that have generated debates is the original inhabitants of the country. Issues have been raised concerning the period in which the fi rst human existence was recorded in the land that has no land connection to the neighboring continents like Asia. The other issue that has also raised debates is the means of transport that was used by the first visitors to the country. Jupp states that the first individuals to arrive in the country were from the South East Asia and used sea routes, as there was no land bridge connecting Australia. However, the author is not certain on the type of sea vessels that these individuals used. Jupp notes that the Aborigines are the oldest residents of the region and are thus the indigenous peoples of Australia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aspects of Immigration into Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jupp observes that the notion of culture and self-identity was first seen in these earliest inhabitants of Australia. There are archeological evidences that portray the earliest Aborigines as being sensitive t o what can be regarded presently as the values and identity derived from the culture of a group of people. Jupp (2001) points out that both the ancient and the modern Aborigines are ‘motivated by the impulses to lead a worthwhile life, to be known and respected, to achieve honor, to develop and maintain relationships with other human beings, and to leave something behind for future generation’ (p.6). This would later define the kind of resistance that the Aborigines offered to the European settlers who appeared in the country in the late eighteenth century. Their attack on the European settlers often followed some misconduct by the foreign settlers. The natives were fully aware of the impacts that the settlement of the Europeans would have on the social and economic status. The Europeans had in mind that the Aborigines were primitive and that their land was free to be grabbed by the white settlers. The enmity between the Aboriginal people and the Europeans was eroded by the attempts of the Aborigines to assimilate the white settlers and adapt the European culture to the requirements of the native culture. Jupp notes that by the time the European settlers arrived in Australia in 1788, there were over 200 languages spoken in the country. The languages marked the different social groups that occupied the region. The groups that spoke similar languages were seen to live adjacent to each other and had nearly similar cultural beliefs and practices. The influx of the immigrants later eroded most of these native languages and as Jupp (2001) points out, currently there are Aborigines in the country who proclaim identity for languages that are no longer spoken (p.7). More people from the European and Asian continents migrated into the country in the years following the settlements of the first Europeans and more pressure was put on the Aboriginal people in different parts of the country. Their culture continued to be assimilated by the foreign cultures and the British culture and language dominated the country.  Jupp proceeds to examine the Middle East countries that sent migrants to Australia. He observes that the countries in the Middle East also produced a good proportion of the immigrants in Australia. One of the Middle East countries that sent emigrants to Australia is Lebanon.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The migration of the Lebanese to Australia began in the late nineteenth century (Jupp, 2001, p554). Korea is another country that has immigrants to Australia. Their major migration was witnessed in the early 1970s due to the withdrawal of the Korean soldiers from the Vietnam War (Jupp, 2001, p.547). There are immigrants from other countries like Pakistan, Palestine, Afghanistan, Armenia, and many others. Jupp also examined some of the reasons that led to migration from Middle East countries to Australia. Several reasons contribute to the movements of emigrants from a given country. The movement of the emigrants from the various Middle East countries was caused by the economic, political, or social factors in the region that were not favorable. Religious factors were key contributors of such movements. Other factors like natural calamities also contributed to their departure to Australia. Jupp observed that the economic difficulties that rocked countries like Lebanon in the late nine teenth and early twentieth century contributed largely to emigration of Lebanese to Australia. The population of the country was growing rapidly and land was increasingly becoming a scarce commodity. Settlement and economic activities like farming became hard. There were also national disasters like drought and plagues that had hit the rural parts of the country. Besides, the country had been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire since 1521 up to the World War I. the Ottoman Empire, though tolerant to different religious teachings, was mainly Islamic and gave preference to the Islamic religion. As such, the Christians during this time were often persecuted. The Lebanese were mainly Christians and the persecution could contribute to their migration to Australia.  Other books have similar views provided by Jupp (2001). The book Australia’s Immigration Revolution by Markus et al (2010), also examines the patterns of immigration in Australia. It is observed that the earlier immi grants in Australia were mainly the Europeans, particularly the British and Irish. The immigration pattern changed and the proportion of European immigrants decreased as that of the Asian immigrants increased. This is the trend observed currently.  Some researchers have sought to highlight the effects that such globalization has had on the culture of Australian. In his work, â€Å"Globalization: A threat to Australian Culture†, John Pickering (n.d) focuses on the interaction of globalization and the Australian culture in two different perspectives, the theoretical and historical perspectives (p.47). Pickering focuses on the interaction between the popular cultures in Australia like sports. He also examines how globalization interacts with the Australian political culture and how it helps define the kind of government systems adopted by Australia. Pickering observes that the globalization can be advantageous to the country if the country is able to withstand the influence of the external cultures. The author observes that the Australian culture has withstood the pressure from external cultures brought about by the trade across different countries. They have managed to use the foreign cultural and economic forces to improve on the local industries.  In the article Guest Editorial*Comparative Analyses of Transnationalism: a geographic contribution to the field.   Dunn (2008) provides a comparative analysis of transnationalism- a concept that also has implications on the cultural interactions among different communities. Dunn gives views similar to those given by Pickering on globalization as an aspect of transnationalism. Immigration is described to promote transnationalism in the country as international business organizations are attracted into the country. As Dunn (2008) illustrates, transnationalism can have negative or positive implications on the host country depending on the ability of the natives of the country to hold onto their cultural ide ntity.  The cross-cultural interaction raises other issues like religion. There are literatures that examine the plight of Islam as a religion in the country, the individuals that are against the religion, and those that support its establishment. The Islamic religion particularly received bad reputation among the Australians. In Representation of Islam in the politics of Mosque development in Sydney, Dunn (2001) examines the constructions of the Islamic culture among the Australians owing to the stereotypes that were developed by the media in Australia. The political issues that have arisen following the need to establish the religion are contained in such literatures. Dunn considers the difficulties that Muslims face in Australia that stem from the prevailing racism. The Muslims in Australia were seen to suffer much from the racism that was practiced in the country due to the dominance of the Christian religion in the country. Dunn (2001) described the difficulties that the Musl ims encountered in establishing a Mosque in Sydney. Those who identify themselves with the religion have limited access to services like employment opportunities. Similar views were later provided by Dunn et al (2007, p.569).  Racism is an issue that is common in a multiracial environment. The immigrants in Australia have come from countries in the European and Asian continents. The practice of racism is thus common among these immigrants and the natives of the country. The country is in the process of reconciling the racial groups and promoting peaceful coexistence. Several literatures focus on racism in relation to the cultural interaction among the Australians. There are researches that have been conducted to study the concept of racism in the contemporary Australia and how the Australians perceive the practice, its underlying roots, and the appropriate remedy. In the article, Contemporary racism and Islamaphobia in Australia, Dunn et al (2007) provide an analysis of the Islami c stereotypes developed among the Australians. The study illustrates how racialization has been used to develop a negative image of the Islamic religion in the region. There is an evident relation between the country of origin of the immigrants and their religious beliefs and practices.  The practice of racism poses other challenges to the immigrants. The immigrants from different countries in the Middle East may opt to migrate to Australia for a number of reasons. Most of the immigrants are attracted by the better living standards that they feel can be obtained in the country. They often run away from the adverse economic situations that prevail in their home countries. They are attracted by the economic opportunities in the region that can help them raise their standards of living. Some are also forced out of their countries by the socio-political factors that are not favorable in their respective countries. These situations faced the early immigrants from the Middle East countr ies. In migrating to the country, the immigrants may fail to recognize the possibility that their expectations may not be met owing to certain factors in the country. Racial discrimination is often highly prevalent in such areas as was witnessed in Australia.  Another problem that is faced by the immigrants is the inability to speak the languages common in the country. The immigrants that have moved into the country recently find difficulties in speaking the English language that is officially used in the country. It was observed that the Lebanese in Australia had low-level proficiency in the English language, although the proportion is higher compared to the immigrants in the US as was observed by Antecol et al (2001). A substantial proportion of the Lebanese in Australia could not speak the language at all (see also Jupp, 2001, p.564). These are the bitter fruits of racism prevalent in the country. The high rates of unemployment can also be linked to the discrimination based on race, religion, or nationality. The early immigrants used to settle in the major cities of the country. However, with the increased cost of living, the immigrants are forced to resettle in the rural areas and other small towns where the cost of housing is still low. The other problem that results from the increasing cost of living is poor living conditions that cause health problems to the majority of the immigrants. Even though there has been a significant increase in employment rates among the different immigrants in Australia, there is still high level of unemployment among the immigrants. Jupp (2001) observed that the rate of unemployment was still high among the Lebanese in Australia despite the increase in occupation that had been witnessed in the recent years (564). The number of Australian professionals of the Lebanese origin is still very low compared to the total population of the professionals in the country. The low level of income dictated the settlement areas of the im migrants. The immigrants were often forced to reside in remote areas with little security and more exposure to environmental health hazards. All these challenges are related in some way to the practice of racism and the ethnoculture in Australia.  Forrest and Dunn had also focused on the issue of racism in Australia in their previous work. In the article Racism and intolerance in Eastern Australia: a geographic perspective, Forrest and Dunn (2006b) focus on racism as it is developed from the individual perceptions of self-identity and national identity. Various forms of racism are highlighted in the text. They share similar views by Dunn et al (2004) in Constructing Racism in Australia. The concept of racism is seen as being related to cultural and political hegemony, where some racial group would want to dominate over other groups that they consider inferior and less powerful.  In Constructing Racism in Australia, Dunn et al (2004) examines various aspects of racism in Australi a. Jupp (2001) had noted that the factors and the patterns of migration of the Lebanese to Australia up to 1970s were different from the patterns that are witnessed currently. Similarly, Dunn et al (2004) observed that the racism that was prevalent up to the 1970s is different from the racism experienced to date (p.410). The old racism considered some races inferior and other racial groups were supposed to be a distant from them. Similar views were also provided by Forrest and Dunn (2006b, p.168). The new racism considers the minority groups to be threats to national unity. The earlier Lebanese immigrants in Australia were mainly Catholic Christians with few Muslims. The Lebanese immigrants in the contemporary Australia have a larger proportion of Muslims and lower percentage of the Catholic Christians (Jupp, 2001, p.563). Besides, the current migration from Lebanon to Australia is mainly due to the conflicts that are experienced in the country and the other Middle East countries.  In the article ‘Core’ culture hegemony and multiculturalism Forrest and Dunn (2006a) describes how the process of developing the policies to have a multicultural society in Australia was faced with difficulties. There were rivalries among the dominant communities in the society.  Racism was used to despise some religions like Islam. Different issues of nationalism and national identity arise during the development of the immigration policies by a country. As Forrest and Dunn (2006a) described, some of the individuals would want that the different communities be integrated into a nation with equal citizens. Others would be of the opinion that the other cultures be assimilated in a single dominant culture whereas others would want free multicultural environment. The development of the immigration policies in Australia was challenged by the dominance of the Europeans in the region. The Europeans had settled in the area as from late nineteenth century and had suppressed the other communities like the native Aborigines and the immigrants from other parts of the world. Their language and culture was then dominant in the country. The British, in particular, wanted immigration policies that would help cultivate their culture as the dominant community in the country. Forrest and Dunn (2006a) assert that a multicultural society is often challenged by a need by a dominant culture to assimilate the other cultures.  The dominant communities in such setups often want to defend their culture and maintain their self-identity and national identity. The policies so developed are embraced by some sense of ethnocentrism. Forrest and Dunn (2006a) noted that there is a notion in the country that there is native culture (the Anglo culture) that every new immigrant into the country has to adapt. Similar views were also provided the following year by Forrest and Dunn (2007). The practice has been seen to impede the attempts to build a national identity in a multicul tural society. The nature of immigration policies developed in a country has impacts on the welfare of the immigrants as they can influence the legal status of the immigrant. The legal status of the immigrant in a given country is of great significance to his operations within the country. The individuals that have obtained legal entry into the country are entitled to several services within the country. Accessing health facilities and the other social institutions is not very easy for individuals with illegal entry. The rates of employment among these groups of individuals are high since most of the employment opportunities will require some sort of identification on the immigrants. Besides, the psychological pressure stemming from crossing the border illegally and the possible consequences of such act always pose challenge the mental health of the immigrants.  In the article Constructing racism in Sydney, Australia’s largest EthniCity, Forrest and Dunn (2007) examines the challenges that racism poses to the immigrants in the city of Sydney. They notice that the modern immigrants to the country are economically stable and reside in the large cities of the country. The multi-cultural environments give more room to the practice of racism. The Muslims, in particular, are portrayed to have difficulties in establishing their worship center in the city that is has been dominated by Christianity. Other materials examine the settlement patterns of the immigrants in the country. They put emphasis on how the patterns affect the immigrants’ identity. Researches have been conducted that consider the settlement patterns of the immigrants in the major cities of the country. The factors that influence the settlement patterns as well as the effects that the settlement patterns have on the immigrants and the country are also examined. The difference in human capital among the immigrants and their legal status in the country may influence the regions of settlem ent that receives the immigrants. In the article Immigration in gateway cities: Sydney and Vancouver in comparative perspective, Lee and Murphy (2001) describe the factors that affect the distribution of the immigrants settlers in the cities of Australia through comparison of the settlement witnessed in the cities. They highlight the effects that the increase of the immigrants has on the country. In particular, they consider that the facilities in the major cities that currently attract more immigrants should be expanded to accommodate the large number. This illustrates the effect that the immigrants’ ties with the homeland have on the economy of the host country. Ley and Murphy (2001) notes that the early immigrants to the country from the Middle East were mainly low-income earners and were forced to settle in the rural areas and the small cities where the cost of living was manageable. On the other hand, the current immigrants are mainly individuals who can afford the high standards of living and do settle in the big cities. Sydney has been found to be the major immigrant-receiving city in Australia (see also Forrest Dunn, 2007, 700). Ley and Murphy describes the strategies that have been used by the local governments to plan the city of Sydney in Australia and Vancouver in Canada to accommodate the diverse community of immigrants. However, they point out that the planning process is faced by certain problems. The kind of settlement has a connection with the cultural identity of the immigrants. The individuals who migrate and settle in the rural regions have high ability to form the social community organizations that can help cultivate their culture. On the other hand, the large cities are cosmopolitan and the cultivation of an ethnic culture may not be possible. The immigrants that have settled in the large cities are then more likely to lose their cultural and national identity and be absorbed by the native culture.  Despite the practice of raci sm in these cities, it has been noticed that a strong bond remains among the immigrants from the same origin. This has often impeded the assimilation of minor culture by the major cultures. In the study entitled Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration Alba and Nee (1997) illustrate how assimilation is no longer a big issue among the immigrants due to the strengthening ties the immigrants have to their homeland and among themselves. The authors hold views similar to those given by Jupp (2001) and Giorgas (2000). Most of the immigrants in the country have ties to the members of their cultures within the country and back in the homeland country. The Koreans entered the country illegally. However, they were later accepted into the country and most of these individuals invited their family members from Korea to stay in the country leading to their increase in number. The Korean population in Australia had grown to 4500 according to the 1981 census (Jupp, 2001, p.547). The Australian Lebanese have been seen to form social community organizations that draw members from them same origin. Churches, mosques, cultural centers, and educational centers have been established in the country. A significant proportion of such organizations serve the Lebanese in the country, and yet others serve the Arabic a community as an entity. The Australian Lebanese Association is one such organization that was established to serve the interest of the Lebanese. The association, established in 1951, was able to embrace effectively the Lebanese community in these early times. A study by Giorgas (2000) also showed that the ethnic communities could be used by the immigrants to solve their problems like social isolation and lack of employment (p.2). The ties also prevent the communities from being assimilated by the cultures in the country. These different literatures on the immigrants and immigration into Australia mainly focus on the impacts that the interaction of differ ent cultures have in the individual cultures. It is largely observed that the need by some cultures to be left dominant in the multicultural society is the main cause of racism that is seen to be prevalent in the region. The languages that individual speak help in cultivating their culture. In this regard, the dominant communities that would want to suppress the other cultures often use their language as the tool. The use of the English language in Australia was a European strategy to assimilate the cultures of the immigrants from other countries. The immigrants that are not ready to adapt the new culture often face difficulties like lack of employment. Even professional and skilled immigrants who cannot speak the English language cannot apply their expertise to the Australian system due to the language difference. The different literatures reveal that the Australians have different views on racism and its causes. The effects of the practice are generally adverse. It is observed tha t the building of a national identity is affected negatively by the practice of racism in the region.  Several other literatures are available that tackle migration and immigration issues across the countries. However, the literatures are challenged to base on migration in particular nations and minority groups (International Migration Institute, 2006, p.2). A lot of focus needs to be put on the dynamic nature of the different aspects of migration and immigration. Reference List Alba, R. and Nee, V., 1997. Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration. International Immigration Review 31(4); 826-874 Antecol, H. et al. 2001. Immigration Policy and the Skills of Immigrants to Australia, Canada, and the United States. Discussion Paper No. 363. Web. Available from: ftp://repec.iza.org/RePEc/Discussionpaper/dp363.pdf . Dunn, K., 2001. Representation of Islam in the politics of Mosque development in Sydney. The royal Dutch Geographical Society 92(3); 291-308 Dunn, K. et al . 2004. Constructing Racism in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 39(4); 409-430. Dunn, K. et al. 2007. Contemporary racism and Islamaphobia in Australia. Ethnicities 7(4); 564-589 Dunn, K., 2008. Guest Editorial*Comparative Analyses of Transnationalism: a geographic contribution to the field. Australian Geographer, 39(1); 1-7. Forrest, J. and Dunn, K., 2006a. Core’ Culture Hegemony and Multiculturalism: Perceptions of the Privileged Position of Australians with British Backgrounds. Ethnicities, Vol. 6: pp. 203. Forrest, J.and Dunn, K., 2006b. Racism and Intolerance in Eastern Australia: a geographic perspective. Australian Geographer, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 167-186. Forrest, J and Dunn, K., 2007. Constructing Racism in Sydney, Australia’s Largest Ethnicity. Urban Studies, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 699–721. Giorgas, D., 2000. Community formation and Social Capital in Australia. Paper delivered to the seventh Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference. Jupp, J., 2001. The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lee, D. and Murphy, P., 2001. Immigration in gateway cities: Sydney and Vancouver in comparative perspective. Progress in Planning 55; 119-194. International Migration Institute. 2006. Towards a New Agenda for International Migration Research. Oxford: University of Oxford. Markus, A. et al. 2010. Australia’s Immigration Revolution. Crows Nest NSW: Allen Unwin. Pickering, J., N.d. Globalization: A Threat to Australian Culture? Journal of Australian Political Economy, 48; 46-59.

Essay on Organizational Diagnostic Models

Essay on Organizational Diagnostic Models Essay on Organizational Diagnostic Models Essay on Organizational Diagnostic ModelsManaging a business requires an integral approach based on the analysis and synthesis of relevant facts. Organizational management requires systems thinking which involves considering the organization in the context with its internal and external factors, inputs and outputs, etc. In order to identify a viable business strategy, it is reasonable to utilize a matching organization diagnosis model. The organization considered in this paper is Whole Foods Market, and the organization diagnosis model which most effectively matches the factors important for Whole Foods Market strategic development is the Nadler-Tushman congruence model. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the chosen company and its operations using is the Nadler-Tushman congruence model, to identify outputs of Whole Foods Market at three levels individual, group and organizational, and to assess the congruence of the outputs.Congruence model and outputsNadler-Tushman congruence model belongs to the class of organizational diagnosis models which consider the organization in relationship to its environment. Congruence model views the organization as an open system which has its inputs and outputs, and is driven by the relevant external factors and internal factors. Congruence model takes into account the history of the organization, its current strategy and the influence of the environment. This model allows to assess the position of the organization and the processes taking place in the organization in the proper context.One of the core advantages of congruence model is the fact that it can be applied for analyzing transformations and change in the organization. Nadler and Tushman identified three types of outputs: individual, group and organizational (Nadler Tushman, 1980). At the organizational level, the companys outputs are its products and services, the companys performance and the extent to which the company manages to implement its goals. At the gr oup level, the performance and the match between goals and achievements of different organizational groups can be considered (Nadler Tushman, 1980). Groups are often divisions or branches of the organization. At the individual level, it is possible to consider different characteristics; in the context of this paper, the key jobs and the approaches to measuring the performance of these jobs will be considered.Whole Foods outputsOutputs at the organizational levelWhole Foods Market sells organic and natural products, so the companys main outputs are the products offered at the stores as well as the sales of these products. The major products sold by Whole Foods Market are perishable goods. According to the companys annual report, the selection of products at Whole Foods Market includes, but is not limited to: produce and floral, grocery, meat, seafood, bakery, prepared foods and catering, coffee, tea, beer, wine, cheese, nutritional supplements, vitamins, body care, and lifestyle pro ducts including books, pet products, and household products (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). The number of SKUs sold in the stores of Whole Foods Market is almost 21,000 (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). In 2013, the sales of perishable products constituted 66.2% of total sales, and the sales of non-perishable products accounted for the remaining 33.8% of sales (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). In particular, Whole Foods Market has a number of exclusive organic brands; the sales of these brands constituted 12% of total sales, and 16% of non-perishable sales (Whole Foods Market, 2014a).The companys sales in 2013 constituted almost $13 billion (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). Overall increase of sales in 2013 was 7%, which is in line with companys growth during 2010-2013 period (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). In 2013, Whole Foods Market   opened 26 new stores, acquired 6 stores and relocated 5 stores. The company expanded into 10 new areas in 2013. The companys net income increased by 18.24% (Whole Food s Market, 2014a). The companys dividends increased by 43%; however, stock prices of Whole Foods Market in 2013 were very volatile and this volatility might have a negative effect on the companys performance (Whole Foods Market, 2014a).As for the current financial performance of Whole Foods Market, it is also very beneficial: the companys current ratio is 1.7, which means that Whole Foods Market has plenty of cash available (Yahoo Finance, 2014). The companys profit margin is 4.14% and operating profit margin is 6.75% (Yahoo Finance, 2014). At the same time, the companys debt to equity ratio is 1.54 (Yahoo Finance, 2014), which indicates that Whole Foods Market is pursuing an aggressive expansion strategy.Outputs at the group levelAt the group level, Whole Foods Market is organized into National Offices and Regional Offices, which oversee the functioning of the store groups at state level and at country level for international locations. Functionally, the major group units in the str ucture of Whole Foods Market are stores. Most decisions which directly influence performance are performed at the store level: hiring, managing supplies, managing sales, etc. The teams (store teams in particular) are independent units in Whole Foods Market. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider the outputs at the store level.The goals of stores are expressed in sales and sales growth and store size dynamics. In 2013, average weekly sales of stores reached $711,000; this value was by 6.9% higher compared to average store performance in 2012 (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). Average size of a Whole Foods Market store in 2013 was 38,000 sq. ft., which is the same as in previous years (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). Taking into account that Whole Foods Market is currently focusing on increasing sales and reducing costs (which means reducing store sizes, in particular), it is possible to state that in 2013 the performance at store level in Whole Foods Market was reasonably high.Outputs at the individual levelIndividual outputs of Whole Foods Market will be considered from the point of view of an employee. There are various types of jobs at Whole Foods Market, which belong to the following directions: delivery of store products, team leadership, facility operations, facility leadership (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). In the individual context, the following five jobs might be considered: healthy eating specialist, produce team member working with sign maintenance, bakery team leader, prepared foods service team member and customer service specialist.The responsibilities of healthy eating specialist include educating customers about healthy food, providing guest service, acting as a spokesperson, demonstrating healthy cooking examples at special events organized by the company, performing ordering of products for the store, stocking and merchandising them (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). Performance characteristics associated with this job are order delivery time, fulfillment of department time and supply margins, inventory level dynamics, inventory turnover and inventory balance.Produce team members in Whole Foods Market have to perform signage of produce and floral products, taking care of sale signs, maintaining inventory of relevant equipment and supplies, operating produce equipment, auditing signs, assisting customers, etc (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). The most appropriate performance measures for this job are customer satisfaction pertaining to signs, signs accuracy and signs comprehensibility.The responsibilities of a bakery team leader include setting team standards, scheduling and assigning duties for team members, supervising, participating in hiring and training of team members, managing inventory and labor, developing and maintaining store layout (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). In this case, key performance values are job satisfaction of team members, team turnover, scheduling efficiency, life-work balance of team members and customer satisfaction. Team members of prepared foods service team have to maintain attractive displays of prepared foods, supporting the customers, packaging and weighing customer selections, making prepared foods (e.g. salads), tracking products and spoilage (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). In this context, key performance measures are speed of service, customer satisfaction, attractiveness of food layout, availability of goods and percentage of spoilage.Customer service associates are responsible for assisting customers, maintaining customer responses, product recalls and customer communications, providing information to the customers, etc (Whole Foods Market, 2014b). The major performance measure for this job is customer satisfaction; speed of customer service and the level of customer awareness can also be considered as performance measures.In general, Whole Foods Market added more than 5,600 new jobs in 2013 (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). The turnover within the company is estimated at 10%, which is consi dered quite low for a retailer (Whole Foods Market, 2014a). Furthermore, Whole Foods Market continues entering the list of 100 best companies to work for during the recent 16 years (Whole Foods Market, 2014a).Congruence of the outputsThe results of the analysis of organizational outputs show that Whole Foods Market is quickly expanding, both at due to organic growth and due to acquisitions. The company is actively investing into growing its store chain. At the same time, Whole Foods Market aims to optimize the costs by reducing store size, reducing losses due to product spoilage, etc. The companys sales have increased at approximately the same rate as during the previous years. It is possible to state that Whole Foods Market effectively reaches its goals at the organizational level.At the group level, the performance of Whole Foods Market is also high: store revenues continue increasing and new stores were opened at a record rate in 2013. Store sizes remained the same, so Whole Food s Market has yet to strive for the reduction in store size. At the individual level, Whole Foods Market offers a variety of jobs with different job responsibilities and performance characteristics. However, the turnover in the company is low and new job openings are being created. Hence, it is possible to state that Whole Foods Market manages to reach its goals at individual level, too.The company manages to utilize its resources in an efficient way. However, Whole Foods Market is too focused on horizontal expansion: the company has a high level of debt despite its strong financial position. The level of adaptability within the company is moderate as Whole Foods Market is pursuing a direct model of growth through increasing its store network. Such business model is vulnerable to market changes, market saturation and the change of customer preferences. Hence, it is possible to recommend to Whole Foods Market to work on the optimization of its internal resources and to consider opport unities of vertical integration.

Lingo - Definition and Examples

Lingo s An informal term for the special vocabulary of a particular group or field: jargon.Language or speech that is perceived as strange or unintelligible. Plural: lingoes. Etymology: From the Latin lingua   , tongue Examples and Observations Cowboy Lingo The various buildings on the ranch had their various slang names. The main house, or house of the owner, was known as the white house (its usual color, if painted), the Big House, Bulls Mansh, or headquarters. The bunkhouse was equally well known as the dog-house, dice-house, dump, shack, or dive, while the cook-shack, if it was a separate building, was spoken of as the mess-house, grub-house, feed-trough, feed-bag, nose-bag, or swallow-an-git-out trough.   (Ramon Frederick Adams, Cowboy Lingo. Houghton, 2000) Australian Lingoes To speak the lingo is to become a member of a group that shares a sense of itself and expresses that sense in its own language. In the sense of the Great Australian Lingo that group consists of all its speakersmost Australians, in fact. There are also many other lingoes, past and present, that are and have been spoken in Australia by different groups, or speech communities as they are called. . . .What does the term TALK RIVER mean, for example? You almost certainly will not know unless you worked in or were close to the Murray River boat trade. In that speech community, it means to talk about matters relating to the river, its people and its business. Unless you are involved with the welding trade you would be unlikely to know that STICK and TIC refer to different forms of weldingSTICK is with flame heat and TIC with an electric arc. Nor would you know what a KROMER CAP is.​  (Graham Seal, The Lingo: Listening to Australian English. UNSW Press, 1999) Hospital Lingo Like any specialized jargon, the shoptalk used by residents not only conveys facts but provides a running commentary on the absurdities of hospital life...A sampling of current resident-speak follows, drawn from the wards of a busy teaching hospital.Banana bag: an intravenous solution containing a liquid multivitamin that colors the fluid a bright yellow, used in undernourished or alcoholic patients. Doc-in-the-box: an urgent-care walk-in clinic. Hes moonlighting at a doc-in-the-box downtown.Gomer: shorthand for Get out of my emergency room. Any undesirable patient, usually one that is unkempt, demented, combative or any combination of the above...Tail-light sign: when a patient (usually elderly) is dropped off at an emergency room by relatives who drive away before an evaluation is complete, forcing the patient to be admitted to the hospital whether or not his medical condition requires it.Wallet biopsy: checking a patients insurance or financial status before embarking on expensive procedures.  (adapted from Hospital Lingo: Whats a Bed Plug? An L.O.L. in N.A.D. by Sheilendr Khipple. The New York Times, May 13, 2001) The Use of War Lingo by Journalists Back in August, the [Associated Press] issued a memo about how to convey campaign coverage, and it included this passage: war lingo - use criticized instead of attacked, or choose a better verb to describe what the candidate is doing, i.e., challenging, doubting, etc. Also avoidable: launch an assault, take aim, open fire, bombard. AP Deputy Managing Editor for Standards Tom Kent lays out the thinking behind the rules: We’ve long felt it’s a good idea to avoid weapons metaphors when we’re not talking about real weapons. Even beyond evoking memories of violent events, we think frequent use of these terms in non-military situations smacks of overdramatization and hyping, writes Kent via e-mail.  (Erik Wemple, No More Taking Aim,’ ‘Blasting,’ ‘Sniping’! The Washington Post, December 20, 2012) A Parody of Social Science Lingo The lingo used by sociologists and such annoys many reasonable people. Richard D. Fay of M.I.T. is one of them. Last week the Washington Star picked up a letter he had written to the Harvard Alumni Bulletin in which he showed how the Gettysburg Address would sound, lumbered up in that lingo:​ Eight and seven-tenths decades ago, the pioneer workers in this continental area implemented a new group based on an ideology of free boundaries and initial conditions of equality. We are now actively engaged in an overall evaluation of conflicting factors . . . We are met in an area of maximum activity among the conflicting factors . . . to assign permanent positions to the units which have been annihilated in the process of attaining a steady state. This procedure represents standard practice at the administrative level.From a more comprehensive viewpoint, we cannot assignwe cannot integratewe cannot implement this area . . . The courageous units, in being annihilated . . . have integrated it to the point where the application of simple arithmetical operations to include our efforts would produce only negligible effects . . .It is preferable for this group to be integrated with the incompleted implementation . . . that we here resolve at a high ethical level that the deceased shall not have been annihilated without furthering the projectthat this group . . . shall implement a new source of unhampered activityand that political supervision composed of the integrated units, for the integrated units, and by the integrated units shall not perish from . . . this planet. (Lumbering Lingo. Time, August 13, 1951) The Decline of Lunch Counter Lingo [T]he vitality of lunch-counter speechcats eyes for tapioca, baby for a glass of milk, jerk for ice cream soda, and Adam and Eve on a raft for fried eggs on toasthad a raciness about it that many people sought to put an end to in the late 1930s.  (John F. Mariani, The Dictionary of American Food and Drink. Hearst Books, 1994) Pronunciation: LIN-go

Discuss why Hybrid Cars are negative to the Envirornment Research Paper

Discuss why Hybrid Cars are negative to the Envirornment - Research Paper Example Hybrids, formally referred to as hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), infer automobiles powered by both petroleum products and electricity. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) employ a number of power sources to fuel movement. In the case of HEVs, the automobiles may be propelled by a combination of traditional gasoline or diesel with an electric battery that can be plugged in a peripheral power source (Anderson and Anderson 115). Electricity mainly supplements petroleum products as a prime power source, which in turn, yields fewer emissions and an enhanced gas mileage. The overriding perception within the car market industry is that hybrid or electric cars are environmentally benign. To some extent this is true as there are several benefits to purchasing a hybrid car; however, one should be conscious of some of the potential negative environmental influences of hybrid cars. If one takes the overall environmental cost of a vehicle right from design to its dismantling or recycling, hybrid-electric vehicles do not reasonably match the hype that they are presently getting (Phukidides par.1). Although hybrids are perceived as clean technology by a majority of people, hybrids with an internal combustion engine still generate pollutants to the environment. Similarly, the electricity generated to recharge the batteries and power the vehicles may be produced through â€Å"dirty technology† such as burning fossil fuels. The long-term impacts of hybrid cars to the environment include destructive impacts of battery waste disposals, and landfill contributions. Disposing of the batteries when they have outlived their worth also poses some environmental risks. Moreover, the metal components used in making the batteries may be processed and manufactured with diverse degrees of environmental risks (Anderson and

Critically discuss the main theories of corporate governance, focusing Essay

Critically discuss the main theories of corporate governance, focusing in particular on how they apply to different types of co - Essay Example What this means is that corporate governance could be looked at from a perspective of the legal administration of different businesses. In effect, mechanisms and acts that would constitute corporate governance in one firm or business may not constitute corporate governance in another because of differences in the legal organization of the companies involved. Interesting, the demarcations that company law gives to the various forms of companies inform the basis of the existence of various corporate governance theories. With reference to company law, corporate governance could generally be seen as the legal mandate that binds players in various organizations and institutional set ups to ensure that companies meet the interest of all stakeholders, defined to include shareholders, customers, employees and the government3. Contract Theory and Corporate Theory Contract theory and corporate theory remain two of the major forms of theories of corporate governance. As indicated earlier, these two theories are directly related to the allocation and differentiations that exists in the types of business under company law. With reference to corporate theory, its principles could be dated to as far back as the era of â€Å"artificial† entity theory. The artificial entity theory dates back to the dates before the 1800s when governments made special legislations to ensure that the power to operate corporations was vested in the power and authority of public benefit units4. Some of these public benefit entities included schools, churches and the larger community. However, these public benefit units were not the outright owners of the corporations but the government. It is in light of this simulated ownership that the theory became known as the artificial entity theory. In relation to the present study, it would be noted that the corporate theory has a lot of influence on corporate governance in the sense that because the cooperation are supposedly owned by government, th ere are State defined legislations that affect and influence their operations. Though many who belong to the fiction theory school of thought hold that â€Å"corporations are simply legal fictions, created and sustained by an act of the state†5 and that there are weaker internal management principles that defeat the principles of corporate governance, the reality is that in a state where institutions are made to function properly, there is no way managers can expect to go away with lapses in corporate governance. Under contract theory, reference is made to contract-based corporate theory where actors in various companies and organizations are expected to play a collaborative role in ensuring that they use asymmetric information to regularize the construct of contractual arrangements6. In effect, the contract theory expects that managers and administrators would work and function as people who have been assigned to play specific roles within a specific timeframe for a specific reward. Essentially, contract theory greatly affects corporate governance because it is said to be an avenue by which managers and stakeholders in the running of businesses feel fundamentally obliged to work and operate within the premises of the contracts they agreed upon7. In certain quarters, this has been said to

Organisational Analysis - The impact of leadership styles on Assignment

Organisational Analysis - The impact of leadership styles on organizational effectiveness - Assignment Example Transactional leadership and transformational leadership are closely related units of leadership; however, they are distinct dimensions. Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric, had traits that made him an effective leader and he combined transformational and transactional leadership styles, which helped him, turn GE into a success story. Leadership is the ability to impact a group towards the attainment of goals (Kiger 2010, 25). General Electric is a corporation, whose main objective is to generate profits, which will be pleasing to the shareholders (Brady 2010, 26). Jack Welch influenced his team to achieve this goal, which was evident in the increased market share, profits and revenues. In 1981, the company had a market value of 13 billion USD when Welch became the CEO. However, this grew to more than 400 billion USD when Welch retired. Welch possessed some traits that ensured his success as a leader. According to the Trait Theory, there are six traits, which are frequently associated with leadership. These traits are: desire to lead; energy and ambition; integrity and honesty; intelligence; self-confidence and job-relevant knowledge. Welch is a competitor; hence, full of ambitions. These ambitions are translated into ideas, and then decisions, which are eventually, implemented that saw the turnaround of GE. Jack Welch believed in energizing his followers in working hard to increase the performance of the company. Being full of energy, he seldom ran out of the excitated energy that was necessary to push his employees to reach their potential. The self-confidence of Welch enabled him to take risks, which even meant the falling of the company. He restructured the hierarchical systems, regrouping the business units and introducing an informal system of carrying out business in the company. Furthermore, Welch had an extraordinary passion, which he used to motivate and empower his employees to attain the goals of the company (Slater 2004, 19). Bass and Riggio (2006, 10) acknowledge that transformational leadership is made up of four fundamental elements, which they called the â€Å"4 I’s.† A transformatio nal leader has the capability to achieve superior performance through: inspirational motivation; idealized influence; individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation (Judge & Piccolo, 2004, 755). In order to effectively turn around General Electric, transformational leadership had to be an important element in Jack Welch’s leadership style. One of the critical decisions that Welch had to make as the Chief Executive Officer was to create and implement a strategy and a vision, which suited all the businesses in the company. The intention of this decision was to unify all the businesses under a similar and distinct banner (Abetti 2006, 78). Jack Welch developed a three circle model, whose function was to ensure that all the businesses within the company fitted in one of the categories. These categories were: the main business, which the Power Generation production was part of, differentiated by restrained investments and returns was carefully selected; the high-tech bu sinesses, which had a high growth, comprising of Medical Systems or Plastics, more often than not had negative cash flows and demanded heavy investments; services, which incorporated General Electric Capital and other businesses, which were typified by high returns for